英语单词构词法


前缀

第1节 表示否定意义的前缀

(1) 纯否定前缀

a-, an-: asymmetry (不对称), anhydrous (无水的)

dis-: dishonest, dislike

in-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-:  
incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible,  

immoral, illegal, irregular

ne-, n-: none, neither, never

non-: nonsense

un-: unable, unemployment

(2) 表示“错误”的意义

male-, mal-: malfunction, maladjustment (失调)

mis-: mistake, mislead

pseudo-: pseudonym (假名), pseudoscience (伪科学)

(3) 表示“反动作”的意思

de-: defend, demodulation (解调)

dis-: disarm, disconnect

un-: unload, uncover

(4) 表示“相反、相互对立”的意思

anti-, ant-: antiknock (防震), antiforeign (排外的)

contra-, contre-, contro-: contradiction, controflow (逆流)

counter-: counteraction, counterbalance

ob-, oc-, of-, op-: object, oppose, occupy

with-: withdraw, withstand

第2节 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
a- 在……之上、向…… aboard, aside
by- 附近、邻近、边侧 bypath, bypass
— — —
circum-, circu- 周围、环绕、回转 circumstance, circuit
— — —
de- 在下、向下 descend, degrade
— — —
en- 在内、进入 encage, enbed
— — —
ex-, ec-, es- 外部、外 exit, eclipse, expand, export
— — —
extra- 额外 extraction
— — —
fore- 在前面 forehead, foreground
— — —
in-, il-, im-, ir- 向内、在内、背于 inland, invade, inside, import
— — —
inter-, intel- 在……间,相互 international, interaction
— — —
intro- 向内、在内、内侧 introduce
— — —
medi-, med-, mid- 中,中间 Mediterranean, midposition
— — —
out- 在上面,在外部,在外 outline, outside, outward
— — —
over- 在上面,在外部,向上 overlook, overhead, overboard
— — —
post- 向后,在后面,次 postscript (附言), postgraduate
— — —
pre- 在前,在前面 prefix, preface, preposition
— — —
pro- 在前、向前 progress, proceed
— — —
sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus- 在下面,下 subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement
— — —
super-, sur- 在……之上 superficial, surface, superstructure
— — —
trans- 移上,转上,在那一边 translate, transform, transoceanic
— — —
under- 在……下面,下的 underline, underground
— — —
up- 向上,向上面,在上 upward, uphold, uphill
— — —

第3节 表示时间、序列关系的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
ante-, anti- 先前,早于,预先 antecedent, anticipate
ex- 先、故、旧 ex-president, ex-husband
— — —
fore- 在前面、先前、前面 foreword, foretell
— — —
mid-, medi- 中,中间 midnight, midsummer
— — —
post- 在后,后 postwar
— — —
pre-, pri- 在前、事先、预先 preheat, prewar, prehistory
— — —
pro- 在前、先、前 prologue (序幕), prophet
— — —
re- 再一次、重新 retell, rewrite
— — —

第4节 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
by- 副、次要的 byproduct
extra- 超越、额外 extraordinary
— — —
hyper- 超过、极度 hypersonic, hypertension
— — —
out- 超过、过分 outdo (超过), outbid
— — —
over- 超过、过度、太 overeat, overdress, oversleep
— — —
sub-, suc- 次、低、副、亚 subeditor, subordinate, succession
— — —
super-, sur- 超过 supernatural, superpower, surplus
— — —
under- 低劣、低下 undersize, undergrown
— — —
vice- 副、次 vice-president, vice-chairman
— — —

第5节 表示共同、相等意思的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 共同、一起 combine, connect, coexist
syn-, syl-, sym- 同、共、和、类 synthesis, sympathy
— — —

第6节 表示整个完全意思的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
al- 完整、完全 alone, almost
over- 完全、全 overall, overflow (充满)
— — —
pan- 全、总、万 panentheism (泛神论), panorama (全景、概论)
— — —

第7节 表示分离、离开意思的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
a-, ab-, abs- 分离、离开 away, apart, abstract, abstain
de- 离去、除去 depart, decolour
— — —
dis-, di-, dif- 分离、离开 disarm, divorce
— — —
ex-, e- 离开、分离 expel, exclude, expatriate
— — —
for- 离开、脱离 forgive, forget
— — —
re- 离开 release, resolve
— — —
se- 分离、隔离 separate, seduce, select
— — —

第8节 表示通过、遍及意思的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
dia- 通过、横过 diameter, diagram
per-, pel- 通、总、遍 perfect, perform, pervade (浸透)
— — —
trans- 横过、贯通 transparent, transmit, transport
— — —

第9节 表示加强意思的前缀

a-: arouse, ashamed

ad-: adjoin, adhere (粘着)

第10节 表示变换此类作用的前缀

be-: befriend (帮助、扶助)

en-: enslave, enable, enrich

ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-:  
adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive,  

assist, attend, attract, arrange, assign


第11节 表示数量关系的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
mono-, mon- 单一、一 monotone, monopoly, monarch
ambi-, bi-, di-, twi- 二、两、双 ambiguous, amphibian, bicycle, diode, twilight
— — —
deca-, deco-, dec-, deci- 十 decade, decimals
— — —
hecto-, hect-, centi- 百,百分之一 hectometer, centimeter
— — —
kilo- 千、千分之一 kilometer
— — —
myria-, myri-, mega, meg, micro- 万、万分之一 myriametre, megabyte, microvolt
— — —
multi-, mult-, poly- 许多、复、多数 multimetre, polysyllable
— — —
hemi-, demi-, semi-, pene-, pen- 半、一半 hemisphere, demiofiicial, semiconductor, semitransparent, peninsula
— — —

第12节 表示特殊意义的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
arch- 首位、第一的、主要的 architect, archbishop
auto- 自己、独立、自动 automobile, autobiography
— — —
bene- 善、福 benefit
— — —
eu- 优、美好 eugenics (优生学), euphemism
— — —
male-, mal- 恶、不良 maltreatment, malodor
— — —
macro- 大、宏大 macroscopic (宏观)
— — —
magni- 大 magnificent
— — —
micro- 微 microscope
— — —

第13节 表示术语的前缀

前缀 含义 举例
aud- 听、声 audience
bio- 生命、生物 biography
— — —
ge- 地球、大地 geography
— — —
phon- 声、音调 phonograph
— — —
tele- 远离 television, telephone
— — —

后缀

第1节 名词后缀

(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人

后缀 含义 举例
-an, -ian ……地方的人,精通 ……的人 American, historian
-al 具有 ……职务的人 principal
— — —
-ant, -ent ……者 merchant, agent, servant, student
— — —
-ar ……的人 scholar, liar
— — —
-ard, -art 做……的人 coward, laggard, braggart
— — —
-arian ……派别/主义的人 humanitarian, vegetarian
— — —
-ary 从事 ……的人 secretary, missionary
— — —
-ate 具有 ……职责的人 candidate, graduate
— — —
-ator 做……的人 educator, speculator
— — —
-crat 某种政体、主义的支持者 democrat, bureaucrat
— — —
-ee 动作承受者 employee, examinee
— — —
-eer 从事于 ……的人 engineer, volunteer
— — —
-er 从事某职业的人,某地区、地方的人 banker, observer, Londoner, villager
— — —
-ese ……国人, ……地方的人 Japanese, Cantonese
— — —
-ess 阴性人称名词 actress, hostess, manageress
— — —
-eur ……家 amateur, litterateur
— — —
-ian ……地方人,信仰……教的人,从事……职业的人 Christian, physician, musician
— — —
-ician 精通者, ……家 electrician, magician, technician
— — —
-icist ……家,……者, ……能手 physicist, phoneticist, technicist
— — —
-ic ……者, ……师 mechanic, critic
— — —
-ie 爱称,指小 diaries, auntie, lassie
— — —
-ier 从事 ……职业 cavalier, clothier, brazier
— — —
-ine, -ina 阴性人称 heroine, ballerina
— — —
-ist 从事 ……研究者, 信仰……主义者 pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist
— — —
-ive 动作者,行动者 native, captive
— — —
-logist ……学家,研究者 biologist, geologist
— — —
-or ……者 author, doctor, operator
— — —
-ster 做……事情的人 youngester, gamester, songster
— — —
-yer 从事 ……职业者 lawyer
— — —

(2) 构成具有抽象名词含义

后缀 含义 举例
-acy 性质、状态、境遇 accuracy, diplomacy
-age 状态、行为、身份及结果、总称 courage, storage, marriage
— — —
-al 事物的动作、过程 refusal, arrival, survival, denial
— — —
表示具体的事物 manual, signal, editorial, journal
— — —
-ance, -ence 性质、状态、行为、过程、总量、程度 endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience
— — —
-ancy, -ency 性质、状态、行为、过程 frequency, urgency, efficiency
— — —
-bility 动作、性质、状态 possibility, feasibility
— — —
-craft 工艺、技巧 woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft
— — —
-cracy 统治、支配 bureaucracy, democracy
— — —
-cy 性质、状态、职位、级别 bankruptcy, supremacy
— — —
-dom 等级、领域、状态 freedom, kingdom, wisdom
— — —
-ery, -ry 行为、状态、习性 bravery, bribery, rivalry
— — —
-ety 性质、状态 variety, dubiety
— — —
-faction, -facture 作成, ……化、作用 satisfaction, manufacture
— — —
-hood 资格、身份、年纪、状态 childhood, falsehood
— — —
-ice 行为、性质、状态 notice, justice, service
— — —
-ine 带有抽象概念 medicine, discipline, famine
— — —
-ing 动作的过程,结果 building, writing, learning
— — —
-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition 行为的过程、结果、状况 action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction
— — —
-ise 性质、状态 exercise, merchandise
— — —
-ism 制度、主义、学说、信仰、行为 socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism
— — —
-ity 性质、状态、程度 purity, reality, ability, calamity
— — —
-ment 行为、状态、过程、手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
— — —
-mony 动作的结果、状态 ceremony, testimony
— — —
-ness 性质、状态、程度 goodness, kindness, tiredness
— — —
-or, -our 动作、性质、状态 favor, error
— — —
-osity 动作、状态 curiosity
— — —
-ship 情况、性质、技巧、技能及身份、职业 hardship, membership, friendship
— — —
-th 动作、性质、过程、状态 depth, wealth, truth, length, growth
— — —
-tude 性质、状态、程度 latitude, altitude
— — —
-ure 行为、结果 exposure, pressure, failure
— — —
-y 行为的结果、状态、性质 glory, history, inquiry
— — —

(3) 带有场所、地方的含义

后缀 含义 举例
-age 住所、地点 village, cottage
-ary 住所、场地 library, granary
— — —
-ery, -ry 工作场所、饲养地、地点 laundry, nursery, surgery
— — —
-ory 工作场所、住处 factory, dormitory, laboratory
— — —

(4) 表示学术、科技含义

后缀 含义 举例
-grapy ……学,写法 biography, calligraphy, geography
-ic, -ics ……学, ……法 logic, mechanics, optics
— — —
-ology ……学, ……论 biology, zoology, technology
— — —
-nomy ……学, ……术 astronomy, economy
— — —
-ery 学科、学术 chemistry, cookery, machinery
— — —
-y ……学,术,法 photography, philosophy
— — —

(5) 表示人和事物的总和,集合含义

-age: baggage, tonnage

-dom: newspaperdom

-hood: neighbourhood, womanhood

-ry: cavalry, ministry

-ure: legislature, judicature

(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义

-ant, -ent: solvent, constant

-al: signal, pictorial

-ar: collar, pillar

-er: boiler, computer, washer, cooker

-ery: drapery

-ing: clothing, matting

-ment: instrument, equipment, attachment

(7) 表示“细小”的意思

-cle: particle

-cule: molecule

-el: parcel

-en: chicken, maiden

-et: pocket, ticket

-etta, -ette, -etto: cigarette

-kin: napkin

-ling: duckling

-let: booklet

-y: baby, doggy

第2节 形容词后缀

(1) 带有“属性、倾向、相关”的含义

后缀 举例
-able, -ible movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible
-al natural, additional, educational
— —
-an, -ane urban, suburban, republican
— —
-ant, -ent distant, important, excellent
— —
-ar similar, popular, regular
— —
-ary military, voluntary
— —
-ic, -atic, -ical politic, systematic, physical
— —
-ine masculine, feminine, marine
— —
-ing moving, touching, daring
— —
-ish foolish, bookish, selfish
— —
-ive active, impressive, decisive
— —
-ory satisfactory, compulsory
— —
-il, -ile, -eel fragile, genteel
— —

(2) 表示“相像,类似”的含义

-ish: boyish, childish

-esque: picturesque

-like: manlike, childlike

-ly: manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly

-some: troublesome, handsome

-y: milky, pasty

(3) 表示“充分的”含义

-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful

-ous: dangerous, generous, courageous, various

-ent: violent

(4) 表示由某种物质形成、制成或生产的含义

-en: wooden, golden, woolen

-ous: gaseous

-fic: scientific

(5) 表示方向的含义

-ern: eastern, western

-ward: downward, forward

(6) 表示“倍数”的含义

-ble: double, treble

-ple: triple

-fold: twofold, tenfold

(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义

-teen: thirteen

-ty: fifty

-th: fourth, fiftieth

(8) 表示国籍、语种、宗教的含义

-an: Roman, European

-ese: Chinese

-ish: English, Spanish

(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义

-er: greater

-ish: reddish, yellowish

-est: highest

-most: foremost, topmost

(10) 其他含义

-less: 否定  
countless, stainless, wireless


第3节 动词后缀

后缀 含义 举例
-ize, -ise 做成,变成,……化 modernize, mechanize, organize
-en 是成为,引起,使有 quicken, weaken, soften, harden
— — —
-fy 使……化,使成 beautify, purify, intensify, signify
— — —
-ish 使,令 finish, abolish, diminish, establish
— — —
-ate 成为……,处理,作用 separate, operate, indicate
— — —

第4节 副词后缀

-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply

-ward, -wards: downward, inwards, upward

-ways: always, sideways

-wise: otherwise, clockwise

词根

词根 含义 举例
aer, ar 空气,大气 aeroplane, aerial
ag, act, ig 做,动作 active, agent, reaction
— — —
alt 高 altitude
— — —
alter, altern, altr 其他,变更 alternate
— — —
bio, bi, bion 生物,生命 biology, bionics
— — —
brev, bri, brief 短 brief, abbreviation, abridge
— — —
cap, capt, cept, cip 取,获 capture, except, concept, capacity
— — —
ced, ceed, cess 行,让步 proceed, succeed, excess
— — —
centr 中心 concentrate, eccentric
— — —
clain, claim 呼喊 claim, proclaim, exclaim
— — —
clos, clud 闭合 conclude, enclose, include
— — —
col, cult 耕耘 colony, cultivate, agriculture
— — —
cor, cord 心 cordial, record, accord
— — —
curr, cur, cour 跑,动作 current, occur, concurrence
— — —
dic, dict 说,示 dictate, edit, indicate, predict
— — —
doc, doct 教 doctor, document
— — —
duc, duct 引导、传导 introduce, produce, conduct
— — —
fact, fac, fect, dic, dit 做,创造 factory, effect, profit, faculty
— — —
fend, fens 打,击 defense, offence
— — —
fer 搬运,转移 ferry, transfer, defer
— — —
fin, finit 终、极 final, finish, confine
— — —
firm 坚固 firm, confirm, affirm
— — —
fix 固定 prefix, affix
— — —
flect, flex 弯曲 flexible, reflex
— — —
flor, flour, flower 花 flower, flourish
— — —
form 形 uniform, formula, transform, reform
— — —
forc, fort 力,强度 force, enforce, effort
— — —
gen, genit 生产,发生 generate, generation
— — —
gram, graph 书写,记录 telegram, diagram, photograph
— — —
grad, gress, gred, gree 步,阶段 gradually, degree, progress
— — —
hab, habit, hibit 保持,住 inhabit, exhibit, prohibit
— — —
her, hes 粘附 adhere, cohesion
— — —
ject, jet 抛射 project, inject
— — —
jour 日,一天 journal, adjourn, journey
— — —
jug, junct 结合,连合 conjunction, junction
— — —
labour, labor 劳动,工作 labourer, elabourate, collaborate
— — —
lect, leg, lig 挑选,采集 collect, select, lecture
— — —
lif, liv 生活,生存 life, alive
— — —
loc 场所,位置 location, dislocate
— — —
long, leng, ling 长的 length, prolong, linger
— — —
loqu, locut 说话 colloquial, eloquent
— — —
mand, mend 命令 command, demand, recommend
— — —
man, manu 手,手法 manage, manual
— — —
memor, member 记忆 memory, remember, memorial
— — —
mind, ment 心 mind, remind, mental
— — —
merc, merch 贸易 commerce, merchant
— — —
meas, mens, meter, metr 测量,度量 measure, meter, diameter
— — —
min 小 diminish, minority
— — —
miss, mit 派遣,送 mission, dismiss, transmit, missile
— — —
mob, mot, mov 动 movement, motion, mobile, remove
— — —
nect, nex 捆扎 connect, disconnect, annex
— — —
not 记号,注意 note, denote, annotation
— — —
onom, onym 名字 synonym, autonym, anonymous
— — —
pair, par 相同,对等 compare
准备 prepare
— — —
pel, puls 追逐 expel, impel
— — —
pend, pens, poud 悬挂 depend, independent, expense
— — —
phon 声音 symphony, telephone, microphone
— — —
plac 位置,场所 place, replace
— — —
peopl, popul, publ 人民,民众 public, republic, popular, people
— — —
port 搬运 export, import, deport
— — —
press 压,压制 pressure, express, oppress, impression
— — —
prob, proof, prov 实验,验证 prove, approve
— — —
quer, quest, quir, quis 寻找,探问 inquiry, question, inquisition
— — —
rang, rank 排列 arrange, rank
— — —
rect, right, rig 正,直 correct, direct, erect
— — —
riv 河流,流远 river, arrive, derive
— — —
rupt 破坏,毁坏 eruption, bankrupt, corruption
— — —
sci 认识,知识 science, conscious
— — —
scrib, script 书写,记录 describe, script
— — —
sens, sent 感觉,情感 sensation, sentiment
— — —
sign 标记,符号 signal, signature, design
— — —
sembl, simil 相似,类似 similar, resemble, assimilate
— — —
soci 结合,社交 social, association
— — —
spec, spect, spitc, spis 看,视 inspect, spectator, conspicuous
— — —
struct 建筑,构造 structure, construct, instruct
— — —
tect, teg 遮蔽,掩盖 detect, protect
— — —
temp, tens 时间,时机 tense, contemporary, temporal
— — —
tend, tes, tent 倾向,伸张 tendency, intension, extend, intend
— — —
test 证明,证实 testify, protest, contest
— — —
text 编织,构成 textile, texture, context
— — —
tract, trail 拖拉,吸引 attract, tractor, abstract, contract
— — —
tribut 给予 contribution, distribute
— — —
us, ut 用,使用 usable, utilize, abuse
— — —
vac, van 空,虚 vacancy, vanity, evacuate
— — —
vad, vas, wad 走,去 invade, wade, evade
— — —
vers, vert 旋转,反转 convert, inversion, reverse, divert
— — —
vid, vis, vey, view 观看,看见 television, visible, evident, interview, survey
— — —
viv, vit 生,活 vivid, vital, survival
— — —
war, ward 注意,保护 aware, wary, ward
— — —
way 路 way, away, subway, always
— — —

总结  

上述内容汇总了常见的前缀、后缀以及词根,在记忆单词时可以灵活运用这些构词法规则,帮助深度理解和记忆单词含义。  

  • 通过掌握 前缀,可以辨识单词的功能或方向(如否定、比较、位置、数量等)。

 

  • 熟悉 后缀,能够快速识别单词的词性(如名词、形容词、动词、副词)。

 

  • 了解 词根,则能深度把握单词最核心的含义和出处。

:rocket: 祝学习顺利!